"Sincerity, Innovation, Rigorousness, and Efficiency" is the persistent conception of our company for the long-term to develop together with customers for mutual reciprocity and mutual benefit for 17 Years manufacturer Poly-crystalline Solar Panel 150W to Istanbul Factory, Please send us your specifications and requirements, or feel free to contact us with any questions or inquiries that you may have.

The simple solar garden lights (made in China) often consist of only 1 LED, 1 small solar panel and 1 (1,2V) NiCd or NiMh battery. This circuit shows how you can “boost” this circuit by switching a power LED on. This power LED is supplied by a seperate (more powerful) solar cell, that charges a more powerful battery. A BD 139 and a BC 547 work as current amplifiers (Darlington). Of course you can also make it in such a way that the garden light, when it becomes dark, switches something else on, e.g. with a 5 volt print relay instead of the power LED. Possibly you need a series resistor to the relay (with voltages higher than 4 Volt, value between 20 and 100 Ohm, depends on the coil resistance from the relay). More simple transistor circuits in my book “Schematics 1″, available on the Lulu website. Content: www.lulu.com/content/ 4734386.

nb: “treasure voltage” = treshold voltage

nb: The reason that I used an LDR is that these garden lights are high frequency oscillators (like the joule thief). So it is an oscillating system and every external influence (even tiny influences) can damp the oscillator and stops its oscillation. So I took the “sure” way to make the circuit work. Perhaps a very slight coupling via a small value capacitor can replace the LDR and drive the Darlington properly. I encourage everyone to experiment and publish a circuit on a YT channel.

https://www.fiberoptics4sale.com

Most of today’s electronic devices are made with single crystal silicon. But silicon never occurs alone in nature as an element, so how do we make it?

Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth’s crust, but they mainly exist as silica, impure SiO2, and silicates, Si + O + another element. Normal sand and the sand used in the building industry is usually colored red, yellow or orange due to the presence of impurities, and we don’t use them. Instead, what we need is silica sand, or high purity quartz rock, which we get from quarrying. Ideally the silica has low concentrations of iron, aluminum and other metals.

The process of silicon purification is illustrated in this flow chart.

The silica sand powder is heated together with carbon in an electric furnace to 1,800°C. Carbon pulls the oxygen away from silicon dioxide and becomes carbon dioxide, leaving behind low-grade impure silicon. The silicon is then treated with oxygen to remove impurities such as calcium or aluminum, leaving up to 99% pure silicon.

This silicon is still not pure enough for semiconductor chipmakers. So it is ground into a fine powder, mixed with hydrogen chloride and heated at 300 degrees C. This process yields Trichlorosilane , HSiCl3, a liquid at room temperature.

The above process also creates chlorides of unwanted elements such as iron, aluminum, boron and phosphorus. The HSiCl3 has a low boiling point of 31.8 °C and distillation is used to purify the HSiCl3 from theimpurity halides.

Then this high-purity trichlorosilane, HSiCl3, is vaporized in hydrogen atmosphere at 1,100 degrees C for 200~300 hours. The reaction takes place inside large vacuum chambers and the silicon is deposited onto electrically heated thin polysilicon rods, small grain size silicon, to produce high-purity polysilicon rods of diameter 150-200mm. This electronic-grade silicon has purity of 99.999999%, eight nines.

The previous steps produced ultra-pure silicon, however, it is not single crystal silicon, crystalline, instead it is polysilicon, polycrystalline, and is composed of lots of small silicon crystals and the boundaries between them can cause trouble with electronic signals. So we have to convert it to large single crystal silicon, crystalline.

The resulting polysilicon rods from last page are broken up to feed the crystallization process.  This process is called the Czochralski method.

The ultra-pure polycrystalline silicon is placed in a quartz crucible and molten in an inert atmosphere.
A small single crystal, or Si “seed” crystal, is clamped to a metal rod with the normal to its bottom carefully aligned along a pre-determined direction, typically 111 or 100 direction.
The “seed” crystal is dipped into the melt. Once thermal equilibrium is achieved, the temperature of the melt close to the seed crystal is reduced, and silicon from the melt begins to freeze out onto the seed crystal, forming a perfect extension of the seed crystal.
The seed crystal is slowly rotated in the opposite direction to the rotation of the crucible and withdrawn from the melt; this allows more and more silicon to freeze out on the bottom of the growing crystal.
The resulting large, cylindrically shaped single crystal of silicon is typically 4 to 6 inches in diameter and 1 to 2 meters in length.

We will briefly introduce the process for making silicon wafers used for semiconductor device fabrication.

First, the cylindrical single crystal silicon rod is cut with diamond-edged saw to create very thin wafers. The sharp edges are then smoothed to prevent from chipping.
The wafers surfaces are polished using an abrasive slurry until the wafers are flat to a tolerance of two thousandths of a millimeter.
The wafer is then etched with a mixture of nitric, hydrofluoric and acetic acids to create an even smoother surface.