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Solar panels are used extensively in the country where there is no grid energy available. These systems are called Off-Grid solar panel systems. This requires the use of batteries to store the energy for use at night or on long stretches of overcast weather. The energy stored in the batteries leaves the batteries as DC electricity then converted to alternating current (AC) for use with conventional appliances. Much like running your own mini utility company, a customer with one of our off-grid systems has every convenience of someone living in the city.

In the city or suburb, anywhere our customers have utility power, batteries are used with a system that connects right into your home’s main junction box. The system uses all solar panel energy first, the grid as your power source if there’s not enough solar panel energy. These installations are known as grid-tied or grid-interconnected solar panel systems. This version of solar system enables you to sell any excess power you produce back to the utility companies, a process called “net metering”. Your utility company will have a smart meter installed known as a Time of Use Meter, which will actually run backwards when you are producing excess solar panel power. It is wise to keep in mind that Our Grid tied systems provide power to your home even when the grid is down in black-out. Our grid-tied systems with battery back up will continue to produce power during a power outage regardless of whether you have sunshine or not.

Since solar panels create DC power, or direct current, they must be coupled with a solar panel inverter to convert the energy from DC to AC. In a grid tied system this can be done by a large central inverter. Once the power is converted to alternating current and its phase is synchronized with that of the grid, solar panel energy is then tied in to your main junction box, which is ultimately interconnected to the grid.

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What is AMORPHOUS SILICON? What does AMORPHOUS SILICON mean? AMORPHOUS SILICON meaning – AMORPHOUS SILICON definition – AMORPHOUS SILICON explanation.

Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is the non-crystalline form of silicon used for solar cells and thin-film transistors in LCD displays.

Used as semiconductor material for a-Si solar cells, or thin-film silicon solar cells, it is deposited in thin films onto a variety of flexible substrates, such as glass, metal and plastic. Amorphous silicon cells generally feature low efficiency, but are one of the most environmentally friendly photovoltaic technologies, since they do not use any toxic heavy metals such as cadmium or lead.

As a second-generation thin-film solar cell technology, amorphous silicon was once expected to become a major contributor in the fast-growing worldwide photovoltaic market, but has since lost its significance due to strong competition from conventional crystalline silicon cells and other thin-film technologies such as CdTe and CIGS.

Amorphous silicon differs from other allotropic variations, such as monocrystalline silicon—a single crystal, and polycrystalline silicon, that consists of small grains, also known as crystallites.

Silicon is a fourfold coordinated atom that is normally tetrahedrally bonded to four neighboring silicon atoms. In crystalline silicon (c-Si) this tetrahedral structure continues over a large range, thus forming a well-ordered crystal lattice.

In amorphous silicon this long range order is not present. Rather, the atoms form a continuous random network. Moreover, not all the atoms within amorphous silicon are fourfold coordinated. Due to the disordered nature of the material some atoms have a dangling bond. Physically, these dangling bonds represent defects in the continuous random network and may cause anomalous electrical behavior.

The material can be passivated by hydrogen, which bonds to the dangling bonds and can reduce the dangling bond density by several orders of magnitude. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has a sufficiently low amount of defects to be used within devices such as solar photovoltaic cells, particularly in the protocrystalline growth regime. However, hydrogenation is associated with light-induced degradation of the material, termed the Staebler–Wronski effect.

Amorphous alloys of silicon and carbon (amorphous silicon carbide, also hydrogenated, a-Si1-xCx:H) are an interesting variant. Introduction of carbon atoms adds extra degrees of freedom for control of the properties of the material. The film could also be made transparent to visible light.

Increasing concentrations of carbon in the alloy widen the electronic gap between conduction and valence bands (also called “optical gap” and bandgap). This can potentially increase the light efficiency of solar cells made with amorphous silicon carbide layers. On the other hand, the electronic properties as a semiconductor (mainly electron mobility), are adversely affected by the increasing content of carbon in the alloy, due to the increased disorder in the atomic network.

Several studies are found in the scientific literature, mainly investigating the effects of deposition parameters on electronic quality, but practical applications of amorphous silicon carbide in commercial devices are still lacking.

Unhydrogenated a-Si has a very high defect density which leads to undesirable semiconductor properties such as poor photoconductivity and prevents doping which is critical to engineering semiconductor properties. By introducing hydrogen during the fabrication of amorphous silicon, photoconductivity is significantly improved and doping is made possible. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a-Si:H, was first fabricated in 1969 by Chittick, Alexander and Sterling by deposition using a silane gas (SiH4) precursor. The resulting material showed a lower defect density and increased conductivity due to impurities. Interest in a-Si:H came when (in 1975), LeComber and Spear discovered the ability for substitutional doping of a-Si:H using phosphine (n-type) or diborane (p-type). The role of hydrogen in reducing defects was verified by Paul’s group at Harvard who found a hydrogen concentration of about 10 atomic % through IR vibration, which for Si-H bonds has a frequency of about 2000 cm-1. Starting in the 1970′s, a-Si:H was developed in solar cells by RCA by which steadily climbed in efficiency to about 13.6% in 2015.